Supplementary Files
Keywords
Precision Planting
Seed Spacing Accuracy
Small-scale Farming
Planting Efficiency
How to Cite
Abstract
This study evaluated the design, construction, and performance of a two-wheel manual seed planting machine for rice, millet, maize, and corn. The objective was to improve planting accuracy, reduce labor drudgery, and provide a low-cost alternative for smallholder farmers with limited access to mechanized equipment. Field experiments were conducted under uniform conditions to assess planting depth consistency, seed spacing accuracy, seed damage, planting rate, and field efficiency. Planting depth ranged from 2.9 cm for millet to 5.3 cm for corn, meeting agronomic requirements for effective seed–soil contact. Seed spacing accuracy varied between 89.7% and 93.8%, reflecting good metering performance across different seed sizes. Seed damage remained low, ranging from 1.9% for maize to 3.1% for millet, indicating gentle seed handling. Planting rates ranged from 33 seeds per minute for corn to 48 seeds per minute for millet, demonstrating adaptability to crop characteristics. Field efficiency varied from 0.38 ha hr?¹ for corn to 0.44 ha hr?¹ for millet, confirming suitability for small-scale farming. The machine’s production cost was approximately USD 68, making it affordable, locally manufacturable, and user-friendly. Overall, the machine showed reliable performance, acceptable precision, and strong economic viability, with potential for further improvement through enhanced ergonomics and adjustable metering mechanisms.
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