Supplementary Files
Keywords
Trans-esterification
FWT seeds
Non-edible feedstock
How to Cite
Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable energy and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have intensified research into biodiesel as an alternative to fossil diesel. Non-edible oilseed resources, such as False White Teak (FWT) seeds, offer a promising and sustainable feedstock that does not compete with food supplies. However, the high viscosity and density of crude FWT oil limit its direct use in diesel engines. In this study, biodiesel was produced from FWT oil via alkali-catalysed trans-esterification, and process parameters were optimized to enhance fuel quality and yield. Trans-esterification was conducted at 60 °C using oil-to-methanol molar ratios ranging from 6:1. The maximum biodiesel yield of 78.70% was obtained at a 6:1 ratio. In contrast, lower ratios were evaluated to examine phase separation and soap formation. The produced biodiesel was purified and characterized according to ASTM D6751 standards. The fuel exhibited a density of 867 kg/m³, kinematic viscosity of 4.2 cSt at 40 °C, calorific value of 35 MJ/kg, flash point of 119 °C, fire point of 127 °C, and moisture content of 0.05%, demonstrating good compliance with ASTM D6751 standards biodiesel specifications. In addition, a simplified life cycle cost analysis revealed that the estimated biodiesel production cost was competitive with conventional diesel when by-product recovery was considered, highlighting its techno-economic feasibility. These results demonstrate that FWT oil is a viable non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production, offering both technical and economic potential for sustainable biofuel development in emerging economies.
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