REGIONAL CLUSTERING BASED ON THE FIFTEEN-MINUTE CITY (FMC) CONCEPT USING THE OPTICS METHOD

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Indonesia has intensified environmental degradation, social inequality, and uncontrolled urban sprawl, creating significant challenges for long-term urban sustainability. To address these issues, this study examines the application of the Fifteen Minutes City (FMC) concept as a framework for improving equitable access to essential services within a 15-minute walking distance. The objective is to evaluate whether a facility-based, data-driven spatial analysis can identify urban zones that align with FMC principles. Unlike traditional FMC approaches that incorporate housing or population density, this research adopts a facility-based interpretation, focusing solely on the distribution of public facilities and pedestrian ways. A total of 1,239 public facility points were retrieved from OpenStreetMap and compiled into a tabular FMC dataset. The methodological scope includes three stages: (1) pre-processing through the construction of a walking distance matrix to measure pedestrian accessibility between all facility points; (2) OPTICS clustering to identify spatial structures and service accessibility patterns; and (3) GIS-based visualization to map cluster outcomes and spatial variations across the Bandung Region and surrounding areas. The OPTICS model yielded a Silhouette Score of 0.688 and a Calinski–Harabasz Score of 1161.282, producing 33 clusters with 50.9% noise, indicating that meaningful spatial groupings can be detected despite the dispersed distribution of facilities. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the applicability of OPTICS clustering for examining the spatial distribution of urban services and evaluating their alignment with Fifteen-Minute City principles.