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Keywords
Geomagnetic storms
Solar proton events
How to Cite
Abstract
Two solar proton events (SPEs) that occurred on 25 February 2023 and 22 April 2023 during the rising phase of Solar Cycle 25 were associated with strong geomagnetic storms. These events were linked to HALO coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and M- or X-class solar flares. To understand their initiation and propagation, multiwavelength data from various space- and ground-based instruments were analysed. The results show that the CMEs generated shock waves as they moved through the interplanetary medium, producing geomagnetic storms with intensities greater than 100 nT near Earth. Differences in CME speed and direction affected the level of geomagnetic disturbance. These findings improve our understanding of how solar eruptions lead to space weather events and can help enhance future space weather prediction models.
References
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